Process of Coding in Content
Analysis
Example 1. Divide city into districts
(strata).
2. Draw random sample of
households from each district.
1.Divide city into districts (clusters).
2.Draw random sample of districts.
3.Draw random sample of
households from each district.
Reason
for use
To ensure desired number of
households in each district.
To make it easier to do door-to-door
surveys.
Another
Example
1. Define strata for UCD students
by year (e.g. 1 st,
2nd,
etc.).
2. Draw a random sample of
students from within each year.
1. Define clusters as UCD classes.
2. Draw a random sample of classes
from the course schedule.
3. Draw random sample of students
from within those classes – or
survey all of them.
Reason
for use
To ensure desired number of
students in each year.
To make it easier to distribute surveys
in person.
Criteria
for
defining
Strata defined by selected
characteristic – key independent
variable (e.g. what year they’re
in).
Cluster defined by spatial or social
linkages – may not have anything to
do with study (e.g. what class they’re
in).
Notes Need to have sampling frame for
each stratum.
May be necessary when sampling
frame for entire population is not
available but separate sampling
frames for strata are.
Useful when surveys to be
administered in-person.
Useful when sampling frame for
clusters is available but not for
elements within clusters.
Figure from Hruschka et al.
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